(1) Contains nitrobenzene, nitrophenol, aniline, and other pollutants.
(2) High COD, high salinity, and intense color.
(3) Elevated concentrations of inorganic salts such as sodium carbonate and sodium nitrate.
(4) Poor biodegradability with unstable influent quality to the biological treatment system.
(5) High operational complexity and labor intensity, resulting in low process stability.
(6) High organic nitrogen content, making nitrogen removal challenging.



